(1FO4) Visualized using 3Dmol.js.. xanthine oxidase activity Source: UniProtKB Ref.4 "Mechanism of the conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase: identification of the two cysteine disulfide bonds and crystal structure of a non-convertible rat liver xanthine dehydrogenase mutant." Dadurch ist die Aktivität der Xanthinoxidase vermindert und die Akkumulation von Xanthin führt zu Ablagerungen, Xanthinurie und Xanthinsteinen. Template:Enzyme Template:Infobox protein Xanthine oxidase (XO, sometimes 'XAO') is a form of xanthine oxidoreductase, a type of enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species. Complex metalloprotein that catalyzes oxidative hydroxylation of a variety of aromatic heterocycles and simple aldehydes. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. xanthine oxidase activity Source: UniProtKB Ref.11 "Human xanthine oxidase changes its substrate specificity to aldehyde oxidase type upon mutation of amino acid residues in the active site: roles of active site residues in binding and activation of purine substrate." Xanthine Oxidase. Effect of limited cleavage by proteolytic enzymes on activity and structure. This structure is from the enzyme derived from bovine milk. Das Enzym oxidiert Hypoxanthinzu Xanthinund anschließend Xanthin zu Harnsäure. The reductive half-reaction of xanthine oxidase. Xanthine dehydrogenase belongs to the group of molybdenum-containing hydroxylases involved in the oxidative metabolism of purines. Wikibooks: Biochemie und Pathobiochemie: Purinabbau, Wikibooks: Biochemie und Pathobiochemie: Purin-Stoffwechsel, https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xanthinoxidase&oldid=202629175, „Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike“. The reactions catalyzed on purines are Xanthine oxidase contains FAD, nonheme iron (Fe-S), and a pteri… The studies done for this thesis were of the active site connected to the molybdenum cofactor. The iron atoms are part of [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin iron-sulfur clusters and participate in electron transfer reactions. Request PDF | Xanthine Oxidase Perspective in Human Health | Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an essential enzyme in catalyzing hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and uric acid in the kidney. The crystal structure of xanthine oxidase (XO) in complex with febuxostat (PDB: 1N5X) was acquired from the protein data bank. 2017 Dec;32(1):345-354. doi: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1252758. Eine vermehrte Harnsäurebildung (Hyperurikämie) kann über eine aus ungeklärten Gründen gesteigerte Aktivität der Leber-Xanthinoxidase zustande kommen, die das Fließgleichgewicht des Purinstoffwechsels in Richtung auf die Harnsäuresynthese verschiebt. Bis zum 31. XOR requires molybdopterin, iron-sulphur centres, and FAD as cofactors and has two interconvertible forms, xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase, which transfer electrons from xanthine to oxygen and NAD (+), respectively, yielding superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and NADH. Definition. Die Xanthinoxidase (XO, manchmal auch XAO) oder Xanthindehydrogenase (XDH) ist ein Metalloenzym (eine Hydroxylase), welches die Oxidation von Hypoxanthin und Xanthin zu Harnsäure in Niere und Leber katalysiert. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. Search results for Xanthine Oxidase at Sigma-Aldrich. Xanthine oxidase is a molybdenum-containing enzyme catalyzing the hydroxylation of a sp(2)-hybridized carbon in a broad range of aromatic heterocycles and aldehydes. A purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi. The inhibitor adopts a single orientation with its benzopyran moiety sandwiched between Phe 914 and Phe 1009 and ring B pointing toward the solvent channel leading to the molybdenum active center. • L. G. Nagler und L. S. Vartanyan: Subunit structure of bovine milk xanthine oxidase. Das aktive Zentrum enthält ein Molybdänatom, gebunden in Form des Molybdän-Cofaktors (MoCo). Crystallographic structure (monomer) of bovine xanthine oxidase. The Fe–S, FAD and Mo‐pt domains are colored red, yellow, and blue, respectively. Has also low oxidase activity towards aldehydes (in vitro). On the basis of the 2-phenyl-1H-imidazole scaffold of our previously reported xanthine oxidase inhibitor WSJ-557, we first achieved the transition from the xanthine oxidase inhibitors to dual-target antagonists against P2Y1 and P2Y12. Xanthine oxidoreductase from cow’s milk is a typical Mo enzyme, having a homodimer structure … structuuractiviteitsrelaties - xanthine - oxidoreductasen - structure activity relationships - xanthine - oxidoreductases: Categories: Proteins and Enzymes : Abstract: This thesis contains the results of a QSAR analysis of the interaction of bovine milk xanthine oxidase with two azaheterocyclic compounds, namely the 6-arylpteridin- 4-ones and the 8-arylhypoxanthines. Xanthinoxidase kommt auch in der Milch vor (Schardinger-Enzym). 47 The protein structure was prepared, and co-crystal ligand was redocked into the active site successfully by LibDock with a RMSD of 0.577 Å (LibDockScore = 120.991). xanthine oxidase is reduced by Steric interactions as a pl anar flavonoid structure is important for inhibition of xanthine oxidase the inhibitory activity [67] . Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. The hydroxyl groups at C-5 and C-7 and the double bond between C-2 and C-3 were essential for a high inhibitory activity on xanthine oxidase. 9H-xanthine is an oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated. The influence of a decrease in purine ring conjugation level upon oxidation on the biological activity of allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme inhibitor, which blocks the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and subsequently xanthine to uric acid, is also discussed. The molybdenum atoms are contained as molybdopterin cofactors and are the active sites of the enzyme. A diagram illustrating many of the pathways catalyzed by xanthine oxidase. pumila leaves and their xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. Enzyme Commission (EC) Number 1.17.3.2 ( BRENDA | IUBMB ) EC Number 232-657-6. Daher wird Xanthin in größerer Menge im Harn ausgeschieden. xanthine + NAD + + H 2 O ⇌ urate + NADH + H + The three substrates of this enzyme are xanthine , NAD + , and H 2 O , whereas its three products are urate , NADH , and H + … Effect of limited cleavage by proteolytic enzymes on activity and structure. Zur Vermeidung des "Aussalzens" (Kristallisation) der Harnsäure (Urat) werden Xanthinoxidasehemmer verabreicht. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme found in many species, including humans and primarily functions in the catabolism of purine nucleic acids. Early in the study of the enzyme, scientists purified a form that uses NAD and a different form that uses oxygen. Um diesen Artikel zu kommentieren, melde Dich bitte an. All content is free. PMID: 28097900. Structure. *Please select more than one item to compare XANTHINE OXIDASE AND XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE 997 0 IV-MoSH ____ 7’ Scheme 2. 10/1/2002:115-25. Synonym: Schardinger-Enzym; XOD, Xanthinoxidoreduktase, Xanthindehydrogenase Compare Products: Select up to 4 products. Medscape's clinical reference is the most authoritative and accessible point-of-care medical reference for physicians and healthcare professionals, available online and via all major mobile devices. Here, copper's ability to alter XO activity and structure was investigated in vitro after pre-incubation of the enzyme with … In this review, the structure–activity relationships for polyphenols as xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors were discussed. For more than 50 years the only XO inhibitor drug available on the market was the purine analogue allopurinol. Xanthin-Oxidase, Xanthin-Dehydrogenase, Schardinger-Enzym, ein zu den Eisen- und Molybdän-haltigen Flavinenzymen zählendes dimeres Enzym des aeroben Purinabbaus, das Hypoxanthin und Xanthin zu Harnsäure oxidiert (Abb. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of purines and their conversion into uric acid. Contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species. It is a tautomer of a 7H-xanthine. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 3. Bei der Xanthinurie erfolgt die Umwandlung von Xanthin zu Harnsäure in ungenügenden Ausmaße durch zu niedrige Akivität der Xanthinoxidase. 2017 Dec;32(1):345-354. doi: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1252758. Uric acid is a product of broken down foods and cells that are excreted by the kidneys. Xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehy‐drogenase are enzymes involved in the metabolism of purines and pyrimidines in various organisms. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), 1 xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.1.1.204), or xanthine oxidase (XO, EC 1.2.3.2) is a complex metalloflavoenzyme that catalyzes oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid with concomitant reduction of NAD + or molecular oxygen. 427/1/1976:78-90- PMID 1260010 The structure−activity relationship of flavonoids as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and as scavengers of the superoxide radical, produced by the action of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, was investigated. Biochim Biophys Acta. Citing Literature. Here is a diagram highlighting the pathways catalyzed by xanthine oxidase. The structure determined is that of the dimeric XO‐locked form (left top) of the W335A/F336L double mutant []. For more than 50 years the only XO inhibitor drug available on the market was the purine analogue allopurinol. Biochemie, Xanthine oxidoreductase is actually two enzymes in one. [1] The bounded FAD (red), FeS-cluster (orange), the molybdopterin cofactor with molybdenum (yellow) and salicylate (blue) are indicated. Here we show that mutation of two amino acid residues in the active site of human XOR for purine substrates results in conversion of the substrate preference to AO type. Fachgebiete: drei Genen kodiert, in Eukaryoten sind die Domänen in einem Gen fusioniert. Native xanthine oxidase from buttermilk. PubMed: 19109252 Search on PubMed Search on PubMed Central; DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M804517200; Primary Citation of Related Structures: 3EUB, 3ETR Structure-activity relationships of fraxamoside as an unusual xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Mammalian xanthine oxidoreductases, which catalyze the last two steps in the formation of urate, are synthesized as the dehydro-genase form xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) but can be readily converted to the oxidase form xanthine oxidase (XO) by oxidation of sulfhydryl residues or by proteolysis. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 9. Through a series of reactions, the purines, guanine monophosphate (GMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) get converted into either hypoxanthine or xanthine. 427/1/1976:78-90- PMID 1260010; J. J. Truglio et al. 682151. Milk xanthine oxidase is an archetypal enzyme, which was originally described as aldehyde oxidase in 1902 (1) and has since served as a benchmark for the whole class of complex metalloflavoproteins (2). Auf dem Markt vertretene Wirkstoffe sind Allopurinol und Febuxostat. Here, copper's ability to alter XO activity and structure was investigated in vitro after pre-incubation of the enzyme with increasing Cu(2+) concentrations for various periods of time. XO is thus the target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. Substrate Orientation and Catalysis at the Molybdenum Site in Xanthine Oxidase: CRYSTAL STRUCTURES IN COMPLEX WITH XANTHINE AND LUMAZINE. The enzymatic activity was measured by following XO-catalyzed xanthine oxidation to … A ¹H-¹⁴N NQDR spectroscopy, hybrid DFT/QTAIM, and Hirshfeld surface-based study J Phys Chem B. Similar articles. The essential structural characteristics for the inhibition of xanthine oxidase ar e (1) the presence of the benzo-pyrone structure (2) the presen ce of free hydroxyl groups at positions 7, 3 and /or 5 in the flavonoid structure [40] and (3) an -unsaturated carbonyl group that helps electronic delocalization of phe nyl ring B [40, 56]. Vitale RM, Antenucci L, Gavagnin M, Raimo G, Amodeo P. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem . Sigma-Aldrich. Hypoxanthine is oxidized as part of its metabolic degradation at the molybdenum center where hypoxanthine is converted ultimately to uric acid via xanthine. The structure−activity relationship of flavonoids as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and as scavengers of the superoxide radical, produced by the action of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, was investigated. Xanthine oxidase (XO) belongs to the molybdenum hydroxylase family within the oxidoreductase class of enzymes. In Prokaryoten werden die MoCo-, (2Fe-2S)- und FAD-Domäne von zwei bzw. Das Enzym oxidiert Hypoxanthin zu Xanthin und anschließend Xanthin zu Harnsäure. Request PDF | Xanthine Oxidase Perspective in Human Health | Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an essential enzyme in catalyzing hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and uric acid in the kidney. Structure-activity relationships of fraxamoside as an unusual xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Chapter 2 contains a description of how the 6-arylpteridin-4-ones and the 8-arylhypoxanthines were prepared. Weiwei Cao, Yajing Fang, Ting Wu, Fuqiang Liang, Yuxin Cheng, Mahmoud Salah, Siyi Pan, Xiaoyun Xu, Insights from multispectral and molecular docking investigation on the xanthine oxidase inhibition by 1,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, Journal of Molecular Structure, 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128475, (128475), (2020). XO is thus the target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. X-ray Crystal Structure of Arsenite-Inhibited Xanthine Oxidase: Mu-Sulfido,Mu-Oxo Double Bridge between Molybdenum and Arsenic in the Active Site. For more than 50 years the only XO inhibitor drug available on the market was the purine analogue allopurinol. The reduction of the natural oxidant substrate NAD + occurs through FAD. Xanthine oxidase is a form of xanthine oxidoreductase, an enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species such as superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide when it catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine, and can further catalyze the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Xanthine oxidase is a flavoprotein that contains molybdenum, nonheme iron, and labile sulfur. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Xanthinoxidase ist eine flavinhaltige Oxidase, welche Molybdän als wirksames Metallion (siehe Molybdän-Cofaktor) und FAD als prosthetische Gruppe enthält. Cao, H., Hall, J., Hille, R. The structure of xanthine oxidase. Biochim Biophys Acta. Xanthine oxidoreductase is a molybdenum-containing enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation reaction of sp(2)-hybridized carbon centers of a variety of substrates, including purines, aldehydes, and other heterocyclic compounds. 2014 Sep 18;118(37):10837-53. doi: 10.1021/jp504871y. Xanthine dehydrogenase belongs to the group of molybdenum-containing hydroxylases involved in the oxidative metabolism of purines.The enzyme is a homodimer. September 2019 um 09:07 Uhr bearbeitet. An insight into prototropism and supramolecular motifs in solid-state structures of allopurinol, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid. Some cheesemakers can take advantage of this enzyme and use it to help preserve their cheese! Pauff, J.M., Cao, H., Hille, R. (2009) J Biol Chem 284: 8760-8767. The protein is large, having a molecular weight of 270 kDa, and has 2 flavin molecules (bound as FAD), 2 molybdenum atoms, and 8 iron atoms bound per enzymatic unit. Mammalian xanthine oxidoreductases, which catalyze the last two steps in the formation of urate, are synthesized as the dehydrogenase form xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) but can be readily converted to the oxidase form xanthine oxidase (XO) by oxidation of sulfhydryl residues or by proteolysis. Xanthinoxidase hat ein relativ weites Wirkungsspektrum, so ist sie in der Leber am Abbau der Purine beteiligt und wirkt zudem auch als Alkoholdehydrogenase. CAS Number: 9002-17-9. The functional distinction between xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase is the preference of each for oxi-dizing substrate. Bei der Molybdän-Cofaktor-Defizienz besteht ein Mangel an der biologisch aktiven Form des Molybdäns, dem oben erwähnten Molybdän-Cofactor (MoCo). TIGR02963, xanthine_xdhA, 1 hit TIGR02965, xanthine_xdhB, PROSITE i View protein in PROSITE PS00197 , 2FE2S_FER_1, 1 hit PS51085 , 2FE2S_FER_2, 1 hit PS51387 , FAD_PCMH, 1 hit PS00559 , MOLYBDOPTERIN_EUK Number of times cited according to CrossRef: 19. The former is converted to the latter by oxidation of thiol groups of the enzyme owing to the presence of high concentrations of oxygen. XO is thus the target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. Their relationship to one another has been the subject of considerable debate, primarily because of their proposed roles in ischemia/reperfasion damage in tissues. Xanthine oxidase has active sites for various substrates. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of purines and their conversion into uric acid. Xanthine oxidase converts hypoxanthine to xanthine and then xanthine to uric acid. Xanthine dehydrogenase can be converted to xanthine oxidase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation or by irreversible proteolytic modification.. Xanthine dehydrogenase catalyzes the following chemical reaction: Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of purines and their conversion into uric acid. Crystal structure of rat xanthine dehydrogenase. Structure-activity relationships revealed that electron-donating groups and small alkyl chains between the two active scaffolds might be beneficial in inhibiting xanthine oxidase enzyme. : Crystal structures of the active and alloxanthine-inhibited forms of xanthine dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus. The crystal structure of the active sulfo-form of milk xanthine dehydrogenase complexed with TEI-6720 and determined at 2.8-A resolution revealed the inhibitor molecule bound in a long, narrow channel leading to the molybdenum-pterin active site of the enzyme. Xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehy‐drogenase are enzymes involved in the metabolism of purines and pyrimidines in various organisms. Mammalian xanthine oxidoreductases, which catalyze the last two steps in the formation of urate, are synthesized as the dehydrogenase form xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) but can be readily converted to the oxidase form xanthine oxidase (XO) by oxidation of sulfhydryl residues or by proteolysis. Copyright ©2020 DocCheck Medical Services GmbH |, Gicht: Die Jagd nach dem Harnsäurekristall (DocCheck News). Dezember steht das Flexikon nur im Lesemodus zur Verfügung. The flavonoid family has been reported to possess a high potential for inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XO). Xanthine Oxidase microbial lyophilized powder, ≥7 units/mg solid Synonym: XOD, Xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase CAS Number 9002-17-9. Epub 2014 Aug 13. Jede Untereinheit enthält zudem zwei unterscheidbare Zwei-Eisen-zwei-Schwefel-Cluster (2Fe-2S) und ein FAD-Molekül. Vitale RM, Antenucci L, Gavagnin M, Raimo G, Amodeo P. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. Keywords Xanthine oxidase Æ Resonance Raman Introduction Molybdenum is widely found at the active sites of oxo-transferases as a mononuclear metal center [1]. August 2020 um 15:07 Uhr bearbeitet. Its UV spectrum showed maximum absorption at 275 nm. Xanthine oxidase (oxidoreductase; XOR) and aldehyde oxidase (AO) are similar in protein structure and prosthetic group composition, but differ in substrate preference. This study concerned the structural aspects of inhibitory activities and binding affinities of flavonoids as XO inhibitors. The oxidase uses 02 efficiently under turnover conditions but has negligible reactivity with NAD; the dehydrogenase prefers NAD to 02 as oxidizing substrate but is able to use the latter in the course of turnover (Table 1). Xanthine oxidase (XO, sometimes ' XAO ') is a form of xanthine oxidoreductase, a type of enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species. L. G. Nagler und L. S. Vartanyan: Subunit structure of bovine milk xanthine oxidase. The enzyme is present in two forms, one with dehydrogenase activity (xanthine dehydrogenase) and the other with oxidase activity. Compound 1 was obtained as a white amorphous powder from the dichloromethane fraction, and its molecular formula was established as 7 degrees of unsaturation. pricing. Das Enzym kommt daher in Eukaryoten als Homodimer vor, in Prokaryoten als Heterotetramer bzw. Function. Heterohexamer. Key enzyme in purine degradation. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that contains molybdenum at the active site and catalyzes the oxidation of purine bases to uric acid. Xanthine oxidase (XO), a key enzyme in purine metabolism, produces reactive oxygen species causing vascular injuries and chronic heart failure. Englisch: xanthine oxidase. Die Xanthinoxidase ist ein wichtiges Enzym im Stoffwechsel der Purinbasen der DNA. The oxidation of xanthine takes place at the molybdopterin center (Mo-pt) and the electrons thus introduced are rapidly distributed to the other centers by intramolecular electron transfer (8). Dadurch wird die Produktion der schwerlöslichen Harnsäure verringert und die Konzentration der besser löslichen Verbindungen Xanthin und Hypoxanthin erhöht. The reaction of reduced enzyme with Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and mechanistic studies of 5-arylazo-tropolone derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors. Gicht kann daher auch mit einem Inhibitor der Xanthinoxidase behandelt werden; zum Beispiel Allopurinol oder Febuxostat. Pharmakologie. The native flavin, FAD, was removed from chicken liver xanthine dehydrogenase and milk xanthine oxidase by incubation with CaCl 2.The deflavoenzymes, still retaining their molybdopterin and iron-sulfur prosthetic groups, were reconstituted with a series of FAD derivatives containing chemically reactive or environmentally sensitive substituents in the isoalloxazine ring system. Select item 28089947 16. Scientists originally thought they were two different enzymes and gave them two names: xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase. Xanthinoxidase ist eine flavinhaltige Oxidase, welche Molybdänals wirksames Metallion (siehe Molybdän-Cofaktor) und FADals prosthetische Gruppeenthält. Klicke hier, um einen neuen Artikel im DocCheck Flexikon anzulegen. reductase and sulfite oxidase. A hierarchical virtual screening integrating both ligand-based and structure-based approaches was applied herein to identify potent XO inhibitors. MDL number MFCD00082145. NACRES NA.54 We determined the first complex X-ray structure of mammalian xanthine oxidase with the natural flavonoid inhibitor quercetin at 2.0 Å resolution. The reductive half-reaction of the oxidase from milk has been extensively studied (1) and there is general consensus that the reaction proceeds at the molybdenum center as shown in Scheme 2. It has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. Allopurinol bindet sich fest an die reduzierte Form der Xanthinoxidase und inaktiviert sie somit. Protein structure. The hydroxyl groups at C-5 and C-7 and the double bond between C-2 and C-3 were essential for a high inhibitory activity on xanthine oxidase. Erhöhter Harnsäurespiegel ist als Gicht bekannt. Here, we present the crystal structure of the dimeric (M The protein is large, having a molecular weight of 270 kDa, and has 2 flavin molecules (bound as FAD), 2 molybdenum atoms, and 8 iron atoms bound per enzymatic unit. Structural elucidation of compounds isolated from the dichloromethane extract of M. pumilum var. As a critical enzyme for the uric acid production, xanthine oxidase (XO) has emerged as a primary drug target for antihyperuricemic therapy. In the current review article, we comprehensively discussed various bioactive compounds, chemical structures, and structure–activity relationship with responsible key enzyme xanthine oxidase. It is active on purines, aldehydes, and pteridines. Their relationship to one another has been the subject of considerable debate, primarily because of their proposed roles in ischemia/reperfasion damage in tissues. Milk xanthine oxidase ( XO ) belongs to the group of molybdenum-containing involved... ( Kristallisation ) der Harnsäure ( Urat ) werden Xanthinoxidasehemmer verabreicht melde Dich an. Number 1.17.3.2 ( BRENDA | IUBMB ) EC Number 232-657-6 427/1/1976:78-90- PMID 1260010 ; J.. 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Use it to help preserve their cheese studies done for this thesis of.