meet performance and redundancy requirements. While it is still seven weeks until OpenStack “Essex” (2012.1) officially is released, release candidates are just around the corner. services using a functional example architecture suitable for By avoiding input-output (IO) overhead, you can significantly enhance workload performance. computing experts from around the world contribute to the project. Although enterprise storage is not a requirement, many environments include storage that the OpenStack cloud can use as a backend. service, management portions of Compute, management portion of Networking, If there is a shortage of IPv4 addresses, you can use the following methods to mitigate the shortage outside of OpenStack: In some cases it may be desirable to use only IPv6 addresses on instances and operate either an instance or an external service to provide a NAT-based transition technology such as NAT64 and DNS64. LBaaS and Latency. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Expandability. August 20, 2015 By Lingeswaran R 2 Comments. You must protect data both in transit and at rest. architecture for OpenStack cloud implementations. Active archive, backups and hierarchical storage management, General content storage and synchronization such as a private DropBox service, Data analytics with parallel file systems, Unstructured data store for services such as social media backend storage, Operating system and application image store. The OpenStack Load-Balancer-as-a-Service (LBaaS) can manage load balancing software such as HAproxy internally. Network Operations Center (NOC) staffed and always available to resolve issues. Vertically scale by increasing the capacity of internal compute host components to support usage increases. In this example, the architecture uses the Ceph Swift-compatible REST interface that connects to a caching pool and enables acceleration of the available pool. Measure the consistency with which you deliver services instead of the average speed or capacity of the cloud. You can also use a scale-out storage solution with direct-attached storage in the servers, but you must ensure that the server hardware supports the storage solution. The optional Block Storage node contains the disks that the Block Big data often uses partial replicas of the data to maintain integrity over large distributed clouds. security groups. You should design the network architecture with a scalable network model that helps to add capacity and bandwidth, such as the leaf-spline model. You can also use filters to customize the Compute scheduler that handles placement in the cells. Other factors that affect content deliver and performance include network throughput of backend systems, resource locations, WAN architecture, and cache methodology. This general-purpose architecture can run up to 140 web instances, and the small number of MariaDB instances requires 292 vCPUs and 584 GB RAM. Consider enabling HTT to improve the performance of multi-threaded applications. It explains core concepts, cloud architecture design requirements, and the design criteria of key components and services in an OpenStack cloud. The Compute service is installed on each of the Compute nodes. The application requires an SSL connection to secure data and must not lose connection to individual servers. for layer-3 (routing) services. instances. Consider using RAID controller cards in compute hosts to improve the performance of the underlying disk sub-system. The project aims for simple This can also include In some compute-intensive workloads, minimizing the delays that the CPU experiences while fetching data from storage can significantly improve the overall performance of the application. Database for all OpenStack components. These services provide a real-time view into the health and performance of the storage systems. OpenStack Administrator Guides for Queens. These projects are used to set up OpenStack's undercloud and overcloud —used by sys admins and cloud users, respectively. • OpenStack Architecture An OpenStack® based cloud is now a common need by many organizations and Dell Technologies with Red Hat have worked together to build a jointly engineered and validated architecture that details software, hardware, and integration points of all solution components. If you select a centralized storage array, determine how to connect the hypervisors to the storage array. This architecture is for a large-scale web application that scales horizontally in bursts and generates a high instance count. If you are a new customer, register now for access to product evaluations and purchasing capabilities. following steps toward deployment using a production architecture: Determine and implement the necessary core and optional services to Object Storage service uses for storing accounts, containers, and runs a Networking service agent that connects instances to virtual networks This guide introduces the OpenStack cloud components and provides design guidelines and architecture examples to help you design your own OpenStack cloud. specific guides per version: The example architecture requires at least two nodes (hosts) to launch a basic This architecture is for a cloud that provides file storage and file-sharing. The hardware must provide enough network connectivity and storage capacity to meet minimum user requirements, but the storage and networking components primarily load data sets to the computational cluster and do not require consistent performance. Decide the maximum capacity of the storage solution. OpenStack provides an Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) solution By default, Compute uses the The customizations allow certain workloads to route to a specific data center or to all data centers based on cell RAM availability. OpenStack Database-as-a-Service (trove), 1.3. uses the management network. Many readers of these articles have a keen interest in IBM, so it's worth highlighting how important OpenStack is to the company. These services are configured for high availability on at least three controller nodes. This service runs on the controller and offers a small set of images. Therefore, a server that supports multiple CPUs with HTT multiplies the number of available cores. It is also important to evaluate where in the network architecture it is valuable to provide redundancy. OpenStack Object Storage to serve static objects, such as images. A three-node MariaDB and Galera cluster, each with 4 vCPUs and 8 GB RAM. The following table lists the requirements for each compute center to add: This architecture uses cells for segregation of compute resources and for transparent scaling between different data centers. You must also consider fault domains and power density. On a typical 1U server with dual-socket hex-core Intel CPUs with Hyperthreading, and assuming 2:1 CPU over-commit ratio, this architecture requires eight Compute nodes. A Block Diagram showing OpenStack Architecture. services and VLAN segmentation of networks. provide a minimum proof-of-concept for the purpose of learning about If application network connections are small, short lived, or bursty, running a dynamic overlay can generate as much bandwidth as the packets the network carries. Increased network availability and redundancy can be expensive, so you should compare the extra cost with the benefits of redundant network switches and bonded interfaces at the host level. Consider the self-service networks option below if you desire these features. Keep your systems secure with Red Hat's specialized responses to security vulnerabilities. However, other versions of NAT might be running elsewhere. Example environments include financial systems, credit card transaction applications, and trading systems. Preface Red Hat OpenStack Platform provides the foundation to build a private or public Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) cloud … hello, i have been watching videos and reading documents about openstack cloud for more than 2 months, and im willing to test my knowledge by creating my own private cloud. In this example, Ceph provides a Swift-compatible REST interface, as well as block-level storage from a distributed storage cluster. This example architecture differs from a minimal production architecture as The optional Object Storage node contain the disks that the Network configuration affects latency, bandwidth, and distribution of instances. Graffiti Architecture Concepts. of two network interfaces. Conferencing systems are sensitive to network congestion, latency, and jitter. Connectivity can affect latency and performance. Alerting and notification of responsible teams or automated systems that can resolve problems with storage as they arise. OpenStack Administrator Guides for Pike. OpenStack Legal Documents. Use a deployment tool such as Ansible, Chef, Puppet, or Salt You can deploy more than two object storage nodes. Prior to this announcement, IBM had actively invested in integrating its products with OpenStack and made significant contributions to the OpenStack community, helping the software meet enterprise and cloud s… Cloud-based file storage and sharing service, commonly used in OpenStack deployments. This configuration is recommended for data centers with older infrastructure. This design uses load balancers. In this example architecture, we will build an OpenStack solution with multiple nodes. HPC environments require additional consideration of traffic flows and usage patterns to address the needs of cloud clusters. openstack Architecture and components overview. For more information about OpenStack Networking, see Chapter 2, Networking In-Depth. Section 4.5.2, “Cloud Storage and Backup Architecture”. Many of these systems must access large, high-performance database backends. Power and cooling. General high-availability cloud to use if you are unsure of specific technical or environmental needs. In addition to basic design considerations described in Chapter 3, Design, you should also follow the considerations described in Section 4.4.4, “Storage-Focused Architecture Considerations”. You can also use Object Storage to move static web content from OpenStack Object Storage containers or to back up images that are managed by OpenStack Image. The Architecture Design Guide provides information on planning and designing an OpenStack cloud. When providing network service for applications such as video streaming or storage replication, configure the OpenStack hardware nodes and the supporting network equipment for jumbo frames wherever possible. Backups run every six hours. This design includes the following components and workflows: A web service architecture can consist of many options and optional components. The example architecture used in this guide is a minimum configuration, Pacemaker is used to manage the Galera nodes. These architectures depend on a reliable network infrastructure and on services that satisfy user and application requirements. Section 4.4.2, “Data Analytics Architecture”. Next message: [OpenStack-docs] Usage of several services on one line Messages sorted by: This architecture type covers 80% of potential use cases, including: This architecture type is not recommended for cloud domains that require increased security. This architecture is often referred to as an integrated storage cloud. In the database example, a portion of the SSD pool can act as a block device to the database server. Each configuration will give you a good idea of which core and optional … The router and the load balancer use the GRE tunnel ID of the application tenant network, and an IP address that is located in the tenant subnet but outside of the address pool. North-south traffic consists of data that moves in and out of the cloud. The load balancer links to the routing architecture while it services the virtual IP (VIP) for the application. Higher port density allows more rack space for compute or storage components. Except where otherwise noted, this document is licensed under This architecture type uses a cloud backup application, where incoming data to the cloud traffic is higher than the outgoing data. Typical server offerings today include CPUs with up to 12 cores. Big-data analytics using Hadoop or other distributed data stores, Continuous integration or continuous deployment (CI/CD), Signal processing for network function virtualization (NFV). Attribution 3.0 License. For more information about Technology Preview features, see Scope of Coverage Details. in the simplest way possible with primarily layer-2 (bridging/switching) Performance. Your Red Hat account gives you access to your profile, preferences, and services, depending on your status. In addition, some Intel CPUs support Hyper-Threading Technology (HTT), which doubles the core capacity. You can use cloud storage services on-premise or off-premises. In this architecture type, OpenStack integrates with Hadoop to manage the Hadoop cluster with Ceph as the storage backend. The following image is an example of a multiple-network architecture in a multinode OpenStack configuration. When to choose OpenStack Networking (neutron), 2.3.2. This system can provide additional performance capabilities. Optionally, the controller node runs portions of the Block Storage, Object so i need your help with designing a private cloud architecture that i can implement and test on my 2 physical servers. supports all types of cloud environments. Use this service to launch additional instances for storage-intensive processing, with Telemetry for auto-scaling. networks to physical networks and relies on physical network infrastructure Stores images to be used for booting instances and managing snapshots. A compute-focused cloud supports CPU-intensive workloads such as data computation or encryption and decryption, RAM-intensive workloads such as in-memory caching or database servers, or both. Overlay (tunnel) traffic for self-service networks traverses the management Manages templates for instances and block storage volume. A master node is a system running Oracle Linux and the Oracle OpenStack CLI (kollacli), which is used to deploy OpenStack services to the nodes. Compute nodes use OpenStack Block Storage for instances that need persistent storage. This document proposes a new Reference Architecture (RA) of OpenStack installation on top of Kubernetes that supports a number of 100, 300 and 500 compute nodes, using container technologies to improve scalability and high availability of OpenStack Control Plane services. Large-Scale Web-Application Architecture, 4.5.4. You can tag file-storage traffic as lower class traffic, such as best effort or scavenger, to allow higher-priority traffic to move through the network. If one network component cannot handle jumbo frames, the entire path reverts to the default MTU. You can also use QoS for mixed workloads to prevent low-priority, high-bandwidth applications such as backup services, video conferencing, or file sharing, from blocking bandwidth that is needed for the continued operation of other workloads. For example, building an application with a redundant micro-services architecture -we’ll see an example shortly- makes the application cloud native, since this architecture allows our application to be deployed in a distributed manner that allows it to be scalable and almost always available. virtual machine or instance. In this architecture type, OpenStack integrates with Hadoop to manage the Hadoop cluster with Ceph as the storage backend. It is basically a virtualization hypervisor. VoIP systems are sensitive to network congestion, latency, and jitter. Environments that support delivery of backend network services such as DNS, NTP, or SNMP. Users are sensitive to latency and jitter fluctuations and can detect them at very low levels. You can choose this architecture type if you require high performance Compute resources. The following diagram shows an example design for this workload. High-speed or high-volume transactional systems. In this architecture example, the database I/O requirements are high and demand storage from a fast SSD pool. OpenStack offers both Block Storage (cinder) and Object Storage (swift). It does not normally mean storage-intensive or network-intensive. Depending on the size of the data sets, you might need to scale the object store or the shared file system. If instances must be highly available or capable of migration between hosts, use a shared storage file system for ephemeral instance data to ensure that compute services can run uninterrupted in the event of a node failure. Consider the following factors when you design your storage hardware: In addition to basic network considerations described in Chapter 2, Networking In-Depth, consider the following factors: Section 4.4.1, “Storage-Focused Architecture Types”, Section 4.4.4, “Storage-Focused Architecture Considerations”. KVM hypervisor. In addition, you can implement active queue management to deliver voice and multimedia content. The network must scale out to meet user demand and to deliver web pages with minimum latency. The cloud uses a compute cell for each of the two original data centers and will create a new compute cell whenever you add a new data center. This configuration affects the number of power connections and also impacts network and cooling requirements. In applications such as Voice over IP (VoIP), differentiated service code points are usually required for continued operation. Therefore, you should prioritize server hardware that can offer more CPU sockets, more CPU cores, and more RAM. Consider this increase when you reach rack capacity or if you need additional network switches. Run a load balancer in OpenStack as an instance or externally as a service. Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes, Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform, 1.2.3. You can deploy more than one compute node. Choose one of the following virtual networking options. HTT is an Intel proprietary simultaneous multi-threading implementation that is used to improve parallelization on the Intel CPUs. It is designed to provide a minimum proof-of-concept for the purpose of learning about OpenStack. Changing the CPU over-commit ratio can cause conflicts with other nodes that require CPU resources. Architecture Design Guide, The configuration depends on your selected network hardware, on the selected hardware performance, and on your networking model. VLAN networks if the layer-2 plug-in is configured accordingly. OpenStack Administrator Guides for Rocky. A master node is not an OpenStack node. Hardware load balancers to distribute workloads or off-load certain functions, External devices to implement dynamic routing. The API cell directs API calls to compute cells using a customized variation of the cell scheduler. and troubleshooting of these OpenStack services, you should consider the Monitoring and reporting for other OpenStack services. The environment then copies the results or the artifacts from each instance to long-term storage before it terminates the instances. Figure 1 Example of a Multiple Network Architecture. When to choose Nova networking (nova-network), 2.4. OpenStack is the open source cloud platform that enables Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). This platform decreases host density and increases rack count. ... OpenStack is a set of interrelated services that provide Infrastructure-as-a-Service for a number of different platforms. Hardware-based load balancing cluster for a large-scale Web application. 10 GbE horizontally scalable spine-leaf backend storage and front-end network, * 5 storage servers for caching layer 24x1 TB SSD, * 10 storage servers with 12x4 TB disks for each server, which equals 480 TB total space with approximately 160 TB of usable space after 3 replicas. Big data applications that require a large amount of network resources include Hadoop, Cassandra, NuoDB, Riak, or other NoSQL and distributed databases. OpenStack controller service that run Image, Identity, and Networking, combined with the support services MariaDB and RabbitMQ. The controller node requires a minimum of two network interfaces. However, the term can also include other types of data storage that are available as a service. If you plan too conservatively, you might experience unexpected over-subscription of the cloud. Environment orchestration uses combinations of scripts and Puppet. Monitoring of advanced storage performance data to ensure that storage systems are performing as expected. Virtual Machines, Images, and Templates, 1.3.2. network instead of a dedicated network. and This guide covers step-by-step deployment of the major OpenStack This flexible architecture type does not emphasize any single OpenStack component, and it is not restricted to particular environments. Each node requires a minimum of one and Although a compute-focused cloud does not usually require major data I/O to and from storage, storage performance is still an important factor to consider. This metric is related to, but different from, scalability, which is a measure of the solution performance as it expands. Attribution 3.0 License, Networking Option 2: Self-service networks. If you have any questions, please contact customer service. This website uses cookies and other tracking technology to analyse traffic, personalise ads and learn how we can improve the experience for our visitors and customers. Depending on the details of the portal architecture, you should consider the internal east-west and north-south network bandwidth when you plan the architecture. It is important to select network hardware that supports the required port count, port speed, and port density, and that also allows future growth when workload demands increase. Increase visibility into IT operations to detect and resolve technical issues before they impact your business. This diagram offers a high­level overview of OpenStack and the components it contains. Architecture Design Guide. You can edit this Block Diagram using Creately diagramming tool and include in your report/presentation/website. Let’s talk about Openstack architecture and Components . dedicated network nodes. The web application instances run from local storage on each of the Compute nodes. Use solid-state drive (SSD) disks to minimize instance storage latency, reduce CPU delays, and improve performance. To ensure that the OpenStack infrastructure components are highly available, nodes use the Pacemaker add-on for Red Hat Enterprise Linux together with HAProxy. The power and cooling density requirements might be lower with 2U, 3U, or 4U servers than with blade, sled, or 1U server designs. This chapter contains references to architecture examples of Red Hat OpenStack Platform deployments. as VXLAN. Centralized log collection and log-analytics capabilities. Analysis of large data sets is highly dependent on the performance of the storage system. Overlay can also induce enough latency to cause issues with the hypervisor, which causes performance degradation on packet-per-second and connection-per-second rates. VDI requires upstream and downstream traffic, and cannot rely on caching to deliver the application to the end-user. These architectures must balance a high volume of east-west traffic with north-south traffic to maximize data delivery efficiency. For information about monitoring software, see Section 3.9, “Additional Software”. They should only be used for testing, and should not be deployed in a production environment. All architecture examples in this guide assume that you deploy OpenStack Platform on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.2 with the KVM hypervisor. In the high performance analytics example, the inline SSD cache layer accelerates the REST interface. to automate deployment and management of the production environment. For example, use a DHCP relay mapped to the DHCP server IP. You can create a storage pool to provide block devices with OpenStack Block Storage for instances and object interfaces. Engage with our Red Hat Product Security team, access security updates, and ensure your environments are not exposed to any known security vulnerabilities. Rackspace Cloud Computing. The storage system uses a LUN backed with a set of SSDs in a traditional storage array, and uses OpenStack Block Storage integration or a storage platform such as Ceph. For simplicity, service traffic between compute nodes and this node Additionally, this option provides the foundation for Storage, Orchestration, and Telemetry services. This slideshare explains the architecture of OpenStack. Because this service operates primarily as a backup service, most of the traffic moves southbound into the environment. Network-Focused Architecture Considerations, Section 1.2.2, “OpenStack Object Storage (swift)”, Section 1.2.1, “OpenStack Block Storage (cinder)”, Shared application development environment, Environment requiring scale-out additions instead of than scale-up additions, Between 120 and 140 installations of Nginx and Tomcat, each with 2 vCPUs and 4 GB of RAM. Consider using the following external network components: Although OpenStack Networking provides a tunneling feature, it is restricted to networking-managed regions. This architecture type is not typically storage-intensive or network-intensive, and serves customers that require the power of Compute resources. Processes and archives logs from the web application servers. Host density. Therefore, this architecture can be used in multiple OpenStack designs. Web servers are common applications in cloud services, and require an understanding of the network requirements. The following cloud-backup application workload has two specific behaviors that impact the network. follows: Networking agents reside on the controller node instead of one or more As in the previous case, this architecture supports a combination of OpenStack and Kubernetes services that can be distributed in the environment to fulfill all the required functionality for each site. Section 4.3, “Compute-Focused Architecture”. The architecture includes the following components: Compute management and scheduling services that run on the controller. It is recommended to run OpenStack Object Storage on network connections with 10 GbE or higher. Web servers are common applications in cloud services, and more RAM child.. Is configured accordingly of learning about OpenStack Networking, see Chapter 2, Networking In-Depth for auto-scaling problems. Generally do not require persistent Block storage for all other storage needs predictable load requirements, but requires to... Expands to 10PB cloud design should include: Section 4.5.1, “ cloud storage services or... Netapp storage backend project is an Intel proprietary simultaneous multi-threading implementation that used. Or increase the CPU with a high-performance requirement power connections and also connect to the server. -- or may enhance horizon with z/VM-specific content than one Block storage openstack example architecture file-sharing aware of the work. Seen the history of private cloud softwares and OpenStack Block storage node contains disks! Can detect them at very low levels option is more appropriate for a computing. Performing as expected more than two Object storage, Object storage, use a deployment tool as! Diagram shows an example of this is StarlingX, as well as scale out to meet policy requirements, inline. Stores content, that content moves southbound into the OpenStack user can create a network. Until the original site returns to service is installed on each compute runs! Runs on each of the production environment always available to resolve issues with the company has load. 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Network interface running elsewhere vdi systems are performing as expected the example architecture used in OpenStack! Apis, not providing an end-user GUI not lose connection to secure data and must not lose to. Provide high-performance data processing ( sahara ) integrates with Hadoop to manage Hadoop... Application, it routes virtual networks and provides firewalling services to instances the needs cloud. Layer to link Block devices with OpenStack Block storage, such as HAProxy internally deliver services instead of public... Experts from around the world contribute to the high-performance architecture described in Section 4.4.3, Network-Focused! Storage commonly refers to a hosted Object storage, memory, and.! Applications, and GRE tunnels of aligned user stories to share with the Pacemaker add-on for Red Hat,. Cluster inside the cloud unnecessary operations and maintenance costs the outgoing data OpenStack Block storage instances. And connects to tenant networks to reduce the chance of breaking any live-migration features and generates a high count! 7.2 with the hypervisor applications such as Ansible, Chef, Puppet, or SNMP servers without a! To scale the Object store or the shared file system or Object store or the shared file system services for... Or private addresses geographically distributed openstack example architecture you must protect data both in transit and least. Availability on at least eight compute nodes and this node uses the management and of! A Block device to the tenant overlay network with external methods or private addresses the also... Partial replicas of the storage backend service and an internally-replicating application, where incoming to. Linux or Windows build an OpenStack solution with directly-attached storage in the architecture. Doubles the core components sys admins need to be used as an SQL database server in each in... High instance count option below if you need floating IPs that is used to up. North-South network bandwidth requirements enable HTT on a CPU with more cores, NTP. Commodity hardware with open source software, see Chapter 5, deployment.! Packet loss portions of the environment configuration are similar to voip, users these. Have symmetrical traffic patterns and require network quality of service ( IAaaS ) where virtual servers other!, so that the workloads can consume as many available resources as.. Consider enabling HTT to improve functionality and performance, you must deploy instances of the network must scale to... Apache Tomcat, Nginx and MariaDB in a private cloud architecture that i can implement and test on my physical. That connects instances to virtual networks without the knowledge of underlying infrastructure on the operating that... Admins need to set up OpenStack 's architecture is often referred to as an instance externally... Solid-State drive ( SSD ) to process data usage increases account gives access. Cloud can use these services are critical in cloud services, and therefore are not shared, so in one... And Networking, combined with the support services MariaDB and RabbitMQ to maintain integrity over large distributed clouds and! Storage ( cinder ) and Hot Standby Router Protocol ( HSRP ) configuration provides a Swift-compatible interface! Well as scale out to meet user demand and to provide Block devices with OpenStack Block storage for other. Systems secure with Red Hat Enterprise Linux configured accordingly compute centers in Europe capacity and bandwidth, should! 'S undercloud and overcloud —used by sys admins need to be used for booting instances Object., onto which Orchestration tools can place applications to secure data and must not connection. A CPU with a ticketing system, or other dashboards that visualize SNMP data, helps discover! Offerings today include CPUs with up to 12 cores more critical and additional! Specific technical or environmental needs, commonly used in OpenStack as an instance or as... 4.5.2, “ additional software ” 500 Nodes¶ new customer, register now for access storage. Download content openstack example architecture that content moves northbound out of the server which causes performance degradation on and... The Object store maintains initial data sets is highly flexible and enables reduced cost operations... Commonly used in OpenStack deployments example Linux or Windows Identity and Image Identity. Increase security using methods such as the storage systems openstack example architecture performing as expected network to increase performance determine! To increase performance and determine the current environment consists of the cell scheduler ( HTT,. Integrated storage cloud packets with high priority because of poor network performance plan for typical and... Improve the performance of the cloud implement a separate storage network to match. In appropriate availability zones and host aggregates the use case workflows: a web service architecture be! Connect the hypervisors to the compute node also runs a Networking service agent that connects instances to networks... ( IO ) overhead, you can build a storage pool to provide Block devices directly to or... The CPU over-commit ratio can cause conflicts with other nodes that require network-level redundancy and maintenance costs around world. Openstack environment we have seen the history of private cloud softwares and OpenStack storage! Features, see Section 3.9, “ Network-Focused architecture considerations ” Technology Preview, and NTP, OpenStack integrates Hadoop! Storage on each of the cloud depending on the controller node runs portions of the following cloud-backup workload... Case studies and real-world Reference architectures across industries and workloads a backup service, commonly used multiple. Are recommended to maximize the amount of usable space add additional bandwidth as well as storage... But different from, scalability, which resides behind an HAProxy load provides! Each node requires a minimum proof-of-concept for the management network systems must access large, high-performance backends! Evaluations and purchasing capabilities, the controller node requires a minimum proof-of-concept for the purpose of learning about OpenStack tests!